{"id":131,"date":"2024-09-02T08:00:04","date_gmt":"2024-09-02T08:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/?p=131"},"modified":"2024-12-05T10:10:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T10:10:16","slug":"istrazvanja-istorijske-gradje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/istrazvanja-istorijske-gradje\/","title":{"rendered":"1850-1918"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>Historical and archival materials were the primary data sources for the research on the Mamula fortifications, conducted by the expert team at the PROJEKTOR Conservation Studio in Tivat from 2015 to 2016. Alongside local archives, crucial documentation was sourced from archives in Split, Zadar, and Pula (Croatia) and from the War Archive within the Austrian State Archives (*Das \u00d6sterreichische Staatsarchiv \u2013 Vienna Kriegsarchiv*). The following text highlights key documents pertaining to the history of the Mamula fortress.<\/strong><br><br>This document is part of the *Inland C-III* collection from the Cattaro War Archives in Vienna, dating to the mid-19th century. It consists of a large-format (~A0) map rendered in black and red ink, depicting the Topla Bay with marked locations of Austro-Hungarian fortresses and other military installations, along with the distances and lines of communication between them.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"718\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-1-e1725263710154-1024x718.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139\" style=\"width:618px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-1-e1725263710154-1024x718.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-1-e1725263710154-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-1-e1725263710154-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-1-e1725263710154-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-1-e1725263710154.jpg 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>Another document, numbered 27 within the *Inland C-III* collection, was created in 1875 on similarly large (~A0) paper and utilises black, red, and blue ink. This map shows the strategic positions of all Austro-Hungarian fortifications across the Boka Bay, Grbalj, Pa\u0161trovi\u0107i, and extending to the Albanian border.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"823\" height=\"984\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-132\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:611px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-2.jpg 823w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-2-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-2-768x918.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-2-10x12.jpg 10w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 823px) 100vw, 823px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><br><br>This document, numbered 26, is part of the *Inland C-III Cattaro* collection within the War Archives in Vienna and is dated 25 June 1869. It is a large-format (~A0) map on tracing paper, drawn in black, red, and blue ink. The map details the Boka Bay, illustrating all Austro-Hungarian fortifications and positions, along with a plan for interventions on each structure. \nA legend at the bottom specifies proposed actions for each site, including<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>complete reconstruction,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>maintenance of the current state,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>retention with enhancement, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>complete removal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The map also marks locations in the bay for torpedo stations and minefields. This document is especially valuable, as it includes chronological data on individual fortifications and positions, offering insights into the development and strategic planning of Austro-Hungarian defences in the area.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"976\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26-1024x976.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-133\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3333333333333333;object-fit:cover;width:611px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26-1024x976.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26-300x286.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26-768x732.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26-13x12.jpg 13w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-3-Inland-CIII-Cattaro-Nr.26.jpg 1195w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The next document, labelled *1850 Plan Litt A. Entwurf,* is part of the KVIII 69 E, Cattaro collection, dated 9 August 1850. Its purpose is somewhat ambiguous; it may represent a preliminary design for a yet-to-be-constructed fortification on the island, or it could depict an existing structure prior to Mamula\u2019s construction in 1850. The plan includes the island\u2019s geodetic base with fortifications, a wharf, an access path, and both cross-sectional and longitudinal views of the building. In the upper left corner, a map of the Boka Bay marks key strategic locations. The document details the proposed structure, specifying accommodation for 260 military personnel and estimating construction costs at 175,000 forints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"828\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-4-KVIIi-69-ECartaro-1850-Plan-Litt-A.-Entwurf-1024x828.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-134\" style=\"width:655px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-4-KVIIi-69-ECartaro-1850-Plan-Litt-A.-Entwurf-1024x828.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-4-KVIIi-69-ECartaro-1850-Plan-Litt-A.-Entwurf-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-4-KVIIi-69-ECartaro-1850-Plan-Litt-A.-Entwurf-768x621.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-4-KVIIi-69-ECartaro-1850-Plan-Litt-A.-Entwurf-15x12.jpg 15w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-4-KVIIi-69-ECartaro-1850-Plan-Litt-A.-Entwurf.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>This document is part of the *Inland CIII* collection from the Castelnuovo War Archive in Vienna and was drawn up in Kotor in December 1888. The floorplans of the ground and first floors of the Mamula fortress are shown, along with a longitudinal section of the structure. The floorplans are depicted in detail, while the cross-section is shown schematically, omitting bastions and facades. Dimensions are given in clafters. This is the only document discovered so far that captures the original state of the Mamula fort before the 1880s modernisation, when it was modernised and the Merzer battery was installed.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-1024x660.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-135\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3333333333333333;object-fit:contain;width:629px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-1536x990.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-2048x1320.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-5-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>This document is highly significant as it is a technical drawing of the fortification at scales of 1:800 and 1:400. It includes the fort\u2019s layout, observation posts, pier, access path, three foundational structures of the circular tower, and a longitudinal section with details of water cisterns and their capacities, as well as the names of all rooms within the fortress<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"778\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-6-e1725263919302.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-136\" style=\"width:634px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-6-e1725263919302.jpg 975w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-6-e1725263919302-300x239.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-6-e1725263919302-768x613.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-6-e1725263919302-15x12.jpg 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>The accompanying photographs provide further historical value, illustrating the appearance and condition of the Mamula fortress from the early 20th century. The first photograph, taken during Christmas Mass in 1916, shows the fort\u2019s condition and the number of soldiers stationed there at the time.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-7-1024x541.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-137\" style=\"width:647px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-7-1024x541.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-7-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-7-768x406.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-7-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-7.jpg 1126w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><br>The second photograph, taken from the sea, reveals the northeast side of the island, where the fortification is clearly visible, with no vegetation obscuring its structures.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"665\" src=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-8-1024x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-138\" style=\"width:642px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-8-1024x665.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-8-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-8-768x499.jpg 768w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-8-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3.-AI-prilog-8.jpg 1126w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Historical and archival materials were the primary data sources for the research on the Mamula fortifications, conducted by the expert team at the PROJEKTOR Conservation Studio in Tivat from 2015 to 2016...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":139,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istrazivanja"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131"}],"version-history":[{"count":57,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8975,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131\/revisions\/8975"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/139"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/img-mamula.me\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}